Orientation:
Your animated helper will orient you to the course, so spend a few minutes listening to her suggestions.
Head to the Ship’s Library and read the essential oil descriptions when seated in your favourite chair.
If you have any essential oils, could you locate them and fill out a scent impressions sheet? You will be familiar with many of these plants as food.
Robert has an in-depth video at the end of the page; could you watch it and take notes? There is also a short Voki video featuring Merlin the Magician discussing dill.
Here is a link to your Scent Impressions Sheet: http://www.northernstarcourses.com/lesson/f-the-Scent-Impressions-Sheet/.
At the bottom of the page, you will find some brief handouts in your journal to download.
The Umbelliferae Family
The Umbelliferae family, also known as Apiaceae, is pivotal in aromatherapy. Many of these plants are more well-known as herbs and carminatives used to ease digestion. Key members such as angelica, fennel, carrot, and dill are also used in aromatherapy, but they are much more potent as essential oils than herbs and are not taken internally.
Angelica Root
Angelica archangelica
From: Europe, especially Hungary, France, Holland and Germany.
Steam distilled roots and rhizomes. From fresh or dried two-year-old plants. Distillation takes 12-24 hours and gives a low yield of one kg. from 250-350 kilograms of the root. It is sometimes adulterated with angelica seed, which is easier to produce.
Class: monoterpenes (70-91%), esters (1-2%).
3 Key Constituents: B-Phellandrene, a-Pinene (24-27%), a-Phellandrene (12-15%)(Lawrence 1979 p. 17, 1989 p. 10)
This oil is dark yellow to amber with a warm, pepper-like, musty wood scent. It is a base note of high intensity and lasting effect.
Uses:
Cosmetic: dull, irritated, inflamed, congested skin, psoriasis, fungal infections and an overall skin tonic. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 107. It is a warming, drying stimulant but contraindicated in hot, dry conditions. It contains furanocoumarins, meaning this oil can cause phototoxicity.
Respiratory: chronic congestive bronchitis, pleurisy, coughs, nervous asthma, shortness of breath, smoker’s cough, restores the sense of smell, general lung tonic. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 107. To increase digestive and respiratory strength in chronic bronchitis and asthma, consider combining angelica root with rosemary and cajeput. It combines well with Siberian fir for chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and coughs. The oil is warm, dry, and contraindicated in hot, inflamed lung conditions.
Muscular: arthritis, sciatica, and rheumatism. Analgesic for musculoskeletal pain and headaches, including migraine and urinary pain.
Cardio is a circulatory stimulant that aids white blood cell formation and warms the body.
Immune: It is anti-fungal for colds and flu, stimulates the lymph system (mainly to detoxify after illness), and helps fight off contagious diseases such as typhus, malaria, diphtheria, cholera, and yellow fever. Sheppard-Hanger, pg. 107. It is also anti-fungal for intestinal dysbiosis and candidiasis. Do not use during a hot, dry fever state.
Angelica essential oil has various therapeutic properties attributed to its active compounds, such as polysaccharides, coumarins, flavonoids, terpenes, and polyphenols. This oil, derived from the roots of the Angelica archangelica plant, is known for its analgesic, anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic properties (STYLECRAZE). https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/white-angelica-oil-benefits-that-you-never-knew-existed-until-now/
Its anti-cancer properties are being explored in laboratory studies, particularly its effects on glioblastoma cells and other cancer types (Epainassist). https://www.epainassist.com/vitamins-and-supplements/what-is-the-angelica-root
Digestive: It stimulates appetite, flatulence, and indigestion. It is tonic to the liver and spleen. It is combined with bergamot and lavender to normalize the autonomic nervous system in chronic digestive and mood disorders. For chronic insomnia, it blends well with clary sage/lavender. Combine with cardamom/fennel for poor digestive tone with loss of appetite, flatulence,
Angelica root has been traditionally used to treat digestive problems like dyspepsia, nausea, and acid reflux (STYLECRAZE).
Genito: edema, gout, urinary antiseptic, cystitis, encourages estrogen, painful, spasming periods (dysmenorrhea), expels afterbirth. Controls uric acid. It may be helpful for infertility issues. It is a uterine stimulant during labour and helps remove placental afterbirth.
Additionally, it’s used in managing menopausal symptoms and other hormonal issues in women (Epainassist). https://www.epainassist.com/vitamins-and-supplements/what-is-the-angelica-root
Endocrine: It is helpful in hyperthyroid syndrome and adrenal dysregulation. Combine it with juniper berry for amenorrhea, longer cycles, and rheumatic/arthritic conditions, including gout.
Mind: fatigue, exhaustion, migraine, relieves headaches and toothache. Smelling the oil may cause a distaste for alcohol; thus, angelica root is useful for addiction. It may be helpful in ADD, dissociative disorders, minor depression, and schizoaffective disorders. Its grounding effect helps relieve mental instability, anxiety, fear, over-sensitivity, paranoia, delusion, low willpower and indecisiveness. It combines well with green myrtle/petitgrain for chronic mental fatigue, nervous breakdown, and ADD.
Consider using angelica root for those discouraged by setbacks, finding it difficult to muster the will to continue, or resigned to accepting failure or enduring an unsatisfactory situation. This may be from overwork, chronic illness, trauma or drug abuse.
TCM: The root oil activates Qi, harmonizes the Middle Warmer and calms Shen. It warms the lungs, expels phlegm, reduces stagnation, promotes menstruation, and relieves alternating constipation and diarrhea. It is a unique oil that addresses tense, weak, and cold body terrain. “On the brain and nervous system specifically, the oil is both restorative and sedative, as the paradoxical action of Rhodiola…[and] also serves as one of the rare ANS and adrenocortical regulators for treating autonomic nervous system dysregulation.” Holmes (2019:106).
Perfumery: Earthy, herbal, base note. Very high odour intensity; please be sure to use it with care. The oil is warm, fresh and peppery, more so with age. It is also found in Chartreuse and Benedictine liqueurs.
It blends with basil, bergamot, chamomile, clary, cypress, costus, eucalyptus, geranium, grapefruit, juniper berry, lemon, lemongrass, lime, oakmoss, orange, opopanax, patchouli, rosemary, spikenard, and vetiver.
Mythological and Spiritual Use: Evert Hopman pg. 40, says, “Angelica leaves are scattered to purify an area. She suggests adding them to incense to promote healing. Angelica is also used to create a purifying bath”. Angelica is ruled by the sun and Venus.
Cautions: Phototoxic. Store in an airtight container in a refrigerator. Use a maximum of 0.8% on the skin. Avoid sunbeds and sun exposure for 12 hours. Avoid with diabetes. Please do not use it when pregnant or with young children. Overuse may cause insomnia.
Press the link below to download Kelsey Simpson’s story on Angelica. This is one of her class presentation assignments.
Angelica
Angelica Root
Angelica glaucens
From: Nepal
Steam distilled root
3 Key Constituents: (Z)-3-Butylidene phthalide, (Z)-Ligustilide, 3-Methyl oct-2-3n3 (Thappa et al. 2005).
Uses:
Little info. It is available in this essential oil. Safety factors are relatively unknown. It is recommended for coronary thrombosis and is thought to be anti-inflammatory and anti-hypercholesterol. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 107. To be safe, use the same cautions as with Angelica archangelica. NOTE: This oil cannot be used interchangeably as the profile of constituents is very different. Monoterpenes are a very minor part. Chinese Angelica/ Dong quai (A. sinensis) root oil is also very different and is not a substitute. It has not been on the market for a long time but is a smooth muscle relaxant and tense, inflamed conditions of the lungs, digestive and reproductive systems. It is a vasodilator for the heart and head. Holmes (2016) suggests its use for treating mental and emotional instability and scatteredness.
Angelica Seed
Angelica archangelica
From: Europe
Class: monoterpene
3 Key Constituents: B-Phellandrene (35-72%), (+)-Limonene, a-Pinene- Kubeczka, 1982 and 2002) Tisserand and Young.
Steam distilled from seed. Fresh, spicy and herbaceous.
Uses:
Digestive: dyspepsia, colitis, and other stress-related issues.
Mind: nervousness, anxiety, stress. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 107′. Small doses are restorative; large doses are nerve sedative and spasmolytic.
Perfumery: Musky, mid-note. High odour intensity. It is non-photo-sensitizing and non-irritating.
It mixes with bergamot, cardamom, carnation, clary, coriander, fennel, geranium, hyacinth, jasmine, lemon, and rose otto.
Cautions: Can irritate and sensitize the skin. Not as Phototoxic as root.
Avoid during pregnancy.
Anise Pimpinella anisum
From the Mediterranean, Russia, Egypt, Turkey, and Hungary.
Class: phenol ether
3 Key Constituents:(E) trans-Anethole (90-96%), (+)-Limonene, methyl chavicol. (Tisserand & Young pg. 196, Tabacchie et al 1974; Lawrence 1995g. Kubeczka 2002)
Steam distilled crushed seeds.
*This is not to be confused with Chinese star anise, which is semi-toxic, has a lower-quality odour, and is sometimes used to adulterate.
Uses:
Cosmetic: lice, scabies, infectious skin disease. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 347
Respiratory: tonic, asthmatic, bronchitis, coughs, asthma, breathing difficulties due to nerves. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 347
Muscular: muscle aches, spasms, pains, paralysis, lumbago. The oil is similar in function and activity to Fennel, but its systemic neuromuscular and relaxant action for hypertonic/tense conditions is much stronger than its restorative. https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/essential-oils/health-benefits-of-anise-essential-oil.html
The oil may offer relief from rheumatic and arthritic pains by stimulating blood circulation and reducing pain in affected areas
Cardio: circulatory tonic, cardiac stimulant, eases palpitations. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 347
Digestive: indigestion, nausea, hiccups, aerophagia, colic flatulence, hangovers. It is an excellent carminative, aperitif stomachic, and gastrointestinal anti-spasmodic, useful in colitis. It is both a choloagogue and choleretic.
Two studies suggest anise oil (in enteric-coated capsules) was superior to Colpermin or placebo in treating irritable bowel syndrome. Treatment of mild to moderate depression associated with IBS also showed promise. Mosaffa-Jahromi M et al., J Ethnopharm 2016 194: 937-46; and J Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2017 22(1): 41-6.
Anise essential oil could also be an antispasmodic, relieving spasms and associated symptoms like cramps and coughs (Organic Facts). https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/essential-oils/health-benefits-of-anise-essential-oil.html
Genito: estrogen-like properties. Induces menstruation. Eases period and PMS problems. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 347. It is both a parturient during labour and a galactagogue in breastfeeding. It is an emmenagogue and exhibits estrogenic properties in cases of amenorrhea and menopause.
Immune: It also has antiseptic properties that may protect wounds against infections (Organic Facts). (link is above)
Anise has demonstrated effectiveness against various bacterial strains and is being explored as a natural antibiotic alternative in industries like poultry farming. It also exhibits antifungal properties, effective against several species of Candida and other fungi (SelfDecode Supplements). https://supplements.selfdecode.com/blog/anise/
Mind: vertigo, migraine, tired mind, promotes sweet dreams and is stupefier in high doses.
This essential oil has been studied for various therapeutic effects, including its potential anti-epileptic and anti-hysteric impact, which could calm epileptic and hysteric attacks when used in higher dosages (Organic Facts). https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/essential-oils/health-benefits-of-anise-essential-oil.html
Perfumery: Top note, licorice scent. High odour intensity. It is said to mask the scent of hair being permed and hair removal creams. Try it with orange oil to mask the smell of cod liver oil.
Blends with amyris, bay, caraway, cedarwood, clove, cinnamon, coriander, dill, fennel, frankincense, galbanum, ginger, grapefruit, lemon, mandarin, myrrh, peppermint, petitgrain, rosewood, and spearmint.
Mythological and Spiritual: Anise is used as a scent of protection to avert evil. Anise seeds were baked into wedding cakes for their licorice taste and spiritually protective properties. Evert Hopman pg. 167
Cautions: Avoid during pregnancy, breastfeeding, endometriosis and estrogen-sensitive cancers. Avoid with children under the age of 5. Avoid if you have a high estrogen level. The oil oxidizes, so keep it cold and in an airtight container. Please do not take it internally. It can be toxic and interferes with many medications if taken orally. Do not use before surgery or if you have an ulcer or bleeding disorder. Attracts bears and fish. Tisserand & Young suggest no more than 0.01 % for the skin. May cross-sensitize with fennel and coriander.
Caraway Seed Carum carvi
From: Netherlands
Class: ketones (50-60%), monoterpene
3 Key Constituents: (+)-Carvone, (+)-Limonene, B-Myrcene-(Lawrence 1995 g p. 202c p. 58-59)
Steam distilled from seeds.
Ripe fruit or seeds are dried and crushed before distillation. The oil is a warming stimulant for weak conditions.
Cosmetic: tissue regenerator, oily skin, bruises, boils, wounds, acne, itchy scalp, scabies, and cellulite. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 139
Respiratory: acute catarrhal bronchitis, cough, and laryngitis. Add to combinations to dry up excess mucus and phlegm and increase expectoration.
Cardio/Lymph: internally used as a circulatory stimulant. Aids lymph flow.
Digestive: Colic, gas, spasms, sweetening of the breath, diarrhea, aids poor appetite, aids liver and gall bladder, bile insufficiency. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 139. It aids constipation, increasing colon contractions.
Genito increases urine, flushes toxins, and increases milk flow. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 139
Mind: warming, nerve tonic, fatigue, and vertigo.
Perfumery: Top note; mid-high odour intensity; licorice scented.
Blends with basil, bay, benzoin, cardamom, chamomile, coriander, elemi, frankincense, galbanum, geranium, ginger, lavender, orange, and rosewood.
Mythological and Spiritual: Caraway was used in love potions to ensure the partner remained faithful. It was also used in love spells to help find one’s mate. Evert Hopman pg. 169, says caraway seeds were thrown at the bride like confetti.
Research:
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties:
Caraway essential oil is noted for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, making it useful in food preservation and as a nutraceutical. The active ingredients like carvone contribute to its efficacy, and the oil’s effectiveness is enhanced when used in combination with other oils (Rasooli & Allameh, 2016).
Colon Cancer Prevention:
Dietary caraway essential oils were studied for their effects on colon carcinogenesis in rats. The oils helped reduce the formation of precancerous lesions, possibly by modulating liver xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, suggesting a protective role against colon cancer (Dadkhah, Allameh, Khalafi, & Ashrafihelan, 2010).
Cautions: It may irritate sensitive skin. Skin sensitizer if oxidized. Please keep it in an airtight container in a refrigerator. Use up to 1.2% in blends on the skin. Maybe neurotoxic and abortive at high doses. Avoid during pregnancy, breastfeeding with babies, children and pets. Please do not take the oil internally.
Carrot Seed Daucus carota subspecies, carota
From: France
Class: sesquiterpene
3 Key Constituents: Carotol (36-73%), A-pinene, dauca-4,8-diene-(Mazzoni et al 1999)
Steam distilled from the tiny seeds of the carrot. It takes about 450,00 carrot seeds to make a pound! Adulteration with synthetic d-limonene or alpha-pinene can occur, and wild carrot (D. carota var. maximum) seed oil can be substituted. This oil contains just traces of cartel and is high in geranyl acetate and sabinene. It is very different.
Uses:
Cosmetics include eczema, boils, couperose, callouses, and mature skin. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 139 Improves the tone and elasticity of the skin. Deters wrinkles, stretch marks, UV damage, scars, dermatitis, rashes and skin discoloration. Used to treat precancerous skin conditions and ulcerated skin. Purchon and Cantele pg. 43. For fungal infections, combine with lemongrass and geranium. It is helpful for eczema and psoriasis as it may stimulate kidney function. Useful in acne, impetigo and rosacea, and fungal infections, including tinea, athlete’s foot, ringworm and jock itch.
Mind: ADHD, dissociative disorder, OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder). Useful for scatteredness, spaciness, delusion, paranoia, agitation, emotional instability with fearfulness and anxiety, and lack of emotional security and strength. It helps relieve worry and repetitive thinking. Beneficial in chronic fatigue and nervous exhaustion. “Its woody, dry notes signal a centring, stabilizing effect similar to Atlas cedarwood. Carrot seed is for the individual who feels insecure, vulnerable, anxious, mentally scattered, easily distracted, troubled, or fearful. The oil’s sweet, mildly herbaceous notes extend its use to conditions of loss of cognitive flexibility, manifesting as chronic worry, repetitive thinking, and even obsessions and compulsivity. Holmes (2016:145).
Digestive: liver congestion, liver regeneration, jaundice, liver diseases such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, and toxicosis, including drug and chemical exposure. It combines
well with lavender and rosemary ct. verbenone as a liver restorative and detoxifier. It acts as an alterative for the liver and kidneys.
Endocrine: glandular problems, including thyroid hypofunction, acting as thyroxine restorative, combining well with pimenta berry oil.
Cardiovascular: hypertensive, hyperlipidemia, including high blood cholesterol and atherosclerosis. For HBC, combine with Helichrysum.
Genito stimulates kidneys and may help with kidney stones. Eases cystitis. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 139 May help reduce vaginal itching. Purchon and Cantele pg. 43. It combines well with fennel/juniper berry for kidney deficiency, gout, cystitis, prostatitis, edema and urinary infections. Do not use this oil if you are trying to get pregnant, as it may inhibit gestation.
Muscular: It helps rid the body of toxins and is good in bath and massage blends for arthritis, gout, and rheumatism (Purchon and Cantele, pg. 43).
TCM: It nourishes the blood, resolves dampness, and strengthens Shen. It is beneficial for liver and kidney health. Peter Holmes (2019: 145) suggests that it is the aromatic equivalent of Dandelion root due to its benefit to the liver and kidneys.
Perfumery: Dry, sweet. Very high odour intensity. Top-mid note. This scent is very dominating, so please be sure to use it with care.
Mixes with bergamot, cedarwood, geranium, juniper, lavender, lemon, lemon verbena, lime, melissa, neroli, orange, petitgrain, rosemary, and verbena.
Stored Grain Protectant:
Carrot seed essential oil, particularly its polar and non-polar fractions, showed effective insecticidal, repellent, and antifeedant activities against the rust-red flour beetle. This indicates its potential as a natural protectant for stored grains (Kaur et al., 2016).
Cautions: Very high doses may interfere with gestation. Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Tisserand & Young p 234. A maximum dermal use of 13.9% is recommended (Tisserand and Young, pg. 233).
Coriander Seed
Coriandrum sativum
From: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czech, Slovakia, Morocco, India, Russia, France, Ukraine.
Ancient Anatolians planted coriander plantations on a large scale, as mentioned in an Egyptian papyrus from around 2000 BC. Coriander was first distilled into essential oil in the early 1400s.
Coriander derives from the Greek Koris Andron, meaning “bug’s husband”.
This annual plant reaches a height of about 3 feet and has pink or white flowers. The oil is colourless to pale yellow, with a light, sweet-spicy yet woody, musky odour.
Class- Monoterpenols (60-80%)
3 Key Constituents: Linalool (55-75%), a-Pinene, y-Terpinene -(Lawrence 1993 p/ 128-130 p. 182-183)
Steam-distilled air-dried and crushed seeds. Yield is good, with one kilo obtained from 100-120 kilograms of dried seed. It is seldom adulterated but may have synthetic linalool added or cut with sweet orange or cedarwood.
When the fresh leaf is distilled, it is called Cilantro essential oil. It presents as a green, lemony oil fragrance reminiscent of the herb. It comprises aldehydes (75-95%) and addresses hypertonic tense and hypersthenic/hot conditions. It is soothing to the nervous system in cases of anxiety, insomnia and stress. It relaxes smooth muscles and is a carminative digestive. Like Coriander seed, it has a mild progesterone influence and is a moderate thyroid and adrenal function stimulant. It is a good anti-viral for shingles and chickenpox. Mentally, it promotes mental alertness, optimism and good judgment. Holmes (2019:184).
Uses:
Cosmetic: stretch marks, scars, dry skin. It is photosensitizing and should not be used in sun tanning beds or sunlight.
Muscular: arthritis, gout, muscle aches, pains & stiffness; analgesic, antispasmodic for muscle cramps, neuralgia,
Digestive: anorexia, loss of appetite, colic, gastritis, diarrhea, piles, hiccups, indigestion, bloating, flatulence, intestinal colic and spasm, nausea. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 185. Combine with fennel/cardamon as a gastric stimulant and aperitif for upper digestive atony with indigestion, bloating, aerophagia and anorexia. Combine with fennel or black pepper as analgesic and anti-spasmodic for colic and dysuria.
Urogenital: infertility, estrogen stimulant, ovarian restorative, for irregular periods. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 185. Urinary irritation. It detoxifies via kidneys in gout, arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis with joint swelling for nervous exhaustion, including postpartum. Combine with tea tree as an analgesic for cystitis with dysuria associated with E. coli. Or use it with juniper berry/lemon for rheumatic pain, gout, and arthritis.
Endocrine: Supports and restores hypo-adrenal function.
Mind: migraines, neuralgia, nervous and mental exhaustion, grief, apathy, loss of motivation, mild depression, pessimism, chronic headache, bipolar disorder. Promotes feeling-thinking connection and improves self-confidence. Use low doses for nerve restoration and higher doses for nervous sedative effect. Paul Dupont considers it a pineal restorative to boost psychic energy.
Combine with palmarosa/petitgrain for chronic neurasthenia, depression and burnout; with lavender for acute trauma or shock; with geranium for low progesterone syndrome involving PMS, depression, anxiety and loss of libido.
“The fragrance supports those who have felt discouraged for a long time. Not motivated to connect with their true gut-felt feelings, these individuals remain prone to mood swings and emotional outbursts” (Holmes 2019: 183).
Pathogens: Broadspectrum antibiotic, including Staphylococcus aureus, S. haeolyticus, Pseudomonas aerguinosa, Helicobacter pylori, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni. Anti-viral against measles and influenza, anthelmintic for intestinal parasites, and anti-fungal.
TCM: Nourishes the Blood, harmonizes the Middle Warmer and strengthens Shen. It is helpful in Heart Blood deficiency with Shen weakness associated with chronic physical and mental fatigue and depression, combining well with petitgrain/palmarosa/clary sage. For Uterus Blood deficiency, combine with Vetiver/Rose/Jasmine for chronic fatigue, vaginal dryness, PMS and loss of sex drive. It harmonizes Middle Warmer in Stomach Qi and indigestion, combining well with Spearmint/Cardamom/Fennel. To dispel wind-damp cold, use juniper berry, rosemary or spike lavender for chronic muscle or joint pain and swelling. Holmes.
Perfumery: (Coriander the seed) Spicy, top-mid note, sweet and woody. Mid-range odour intensity. Brings life to heavy blends.
Blends with amber, bergamot, black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, citronella, clary, cypress, frankincense, geranium, ginger, grapefruit, jasmine, juniper berry, lemon, melissa, neroli, nutmeg, orange, palmarosa, petitgrain, pine, sandalwood, vetiver, and ylang—a middle tone with sweet, spicy-pungent notes.
Perfumes based on coriander– Eau de Carnes, Coriandre, Carmelite water (famous for four centuries).
Mythological and Spiritual: To increase desire, the powdered coriander seed was added to lover’s drinks.
Research:
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity:
Coriander seed essential oil obtained through microwave-assisted hydrodistillation showed enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to traditional hydrodistillation. It was particularly effective against Candida albicans and demonstrated higher phenol content, contributing to its potent antioxidant properties (Ghazanfari, Mortazavi, Yazdi, & Mohammadi, 2020).
Sedative-Hypnotic Activity:
The essential oil from coriander seeds displayed sedative-hypnotic activity in animal models, increasing pentobarbital-induced sleep duration. This supports its traditional use for insomnia relief and suggests potential therapeutic applications for sleep disorders (Emamghoreishi & Heidari-Hamedani, 2006).
Food Ingredient Safety:
A comprehensive safety assessment of coriander essential oil as a food ingredient confirmed its safety at current levels of consumption. It highlighted the oil’s broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, which can be beneficial for food preservation (Burdock & Carabin, 2009).
Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action:
Coriander essential oil exhibited strong antibacterial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Studies using flow cytometry indicated that the oil’s mechanism involves damaging the bacterial membrane, leading to cell death (Silva, Ferreira, Queiroz, & Domingues, 2011).
Effect on Storage Conditions:
Coriander essential oil’s composition changes based on storage conditions. Exposure to light can lead to significant chemical transformations of the oil’s components, affecting its quality and efficacy (Misharina, 2001).
Cautions: Cross-sensitivity with fennel and anise. Avoid in cases of breast cancer or overly estrogenic bodies. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 185 Avoid it during pregnancy, breastfeeding and with pets. Store it in a dark, cool environment.
Cumin
Cuminum cyminum
From: Mediterranean, Sudan, India, France
Class: aldehyde, monoterpene
3 Key Constituents: Cumin aldehyde (up to 40%), y-Terpinene (11-30%), B-Pinene- (Lawrence 19995 g p. 36-38)
Steam-distilled crushed seeds
Uses: Like Cardamon, this warming oil is both relaxing and stimulating.
Respiratory: asthma, bronchial spasm, spasmodic coughs. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 189
Muscular: muscle pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatism.
Cardio: accumulation of fluid or toxins, poor circulation, lymph congestion.
Immune: mumps, glandular swelling (testicular). Sheppard-Hanger pg. 189
Digestive: colic, flatulence, colitis, colic, indigestion, stimulates appetite and is helpful with hepatitis. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 189. It relaxes the smooth muscle of the gut and exhibits anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic action on the gut in stress-related colic, IBS, colitis and IBD. Like carrot seed, it helps regulate low thyroid function.
Endocrine: increases thyroid function and aids hypothyroidism.
Genito is said to increase desire and fertility in males. It normalizes the menstrual cycle and improves lactation. It is also active against Candida species.
Mind: migraines, nervous exhaustion, tiredness. The oil is a nervous and cerebral sedative. Coriander seed inhibits the sympathetic nervous system and is hypnotic and analgesic in cases of insomnia. Coriander seed helps relieve anxiety as well as acute and chronic pain.
Perfumery: Spicy, top-mid note; mid odour intensity.
Blends with angelica root, caraway, chamomile, and coriander.
Research:
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities:
Cumin essential oil from Iran exhibited significant antimicrobial properties against bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus, and demonstrated high antioxidant capacity. Its phenolic content contributes to both its antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, highlighting its potential for nutritional supplementation and food preservation (Allahghadri et al., 2010).
Effects on Microbial Morphology and Activity:
Subinhibitory concentrations of cumin seed essential oil affected the morphology and biological functions of Klebsiella pneumoniae, including capsule expression and urease activity. This suggests a potential role in combating antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity (Derakhshan, Sattari, & Bigdeli, 2008).
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects:
The essential oil of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) demonstrated significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties in various animal models. This supports its use in traditional medicine for pain and inflammation management (Hajhashemi, Ghannadi, & Jafarabadi, 2004).
Quality Control and Antimicrobial Activity of Stored Oil:
Essential oil from cumin seeds stored for up to 36 years was analyzed, showing preservation of antimicrobial activity and a high-quality chemical profile. This indicates the long-term stability and efficacy of cumin essential oil in food safety and preservation (Jirovetz et al., 2005).
Protective Effects Against Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity:
Essential oils from cumin and chamomile demonstrated protective effects against acute acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity in rats, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents in managing drug-induced hepatotoxicity (Ebada, 2018).
Cautions: Phototoxic—do not expose skin to sunlight or sunbeams for 12 hours after use. Limit to 0.4% on skin. Avoid during pregnancy, with babies, and with children. It may irritate sensitive skin. It may be a radiation protectant due to increasing glutathione S-transferase activity and CP450 liver enzymes.
Dillseed- Dillweed- the leaf (weed), is less toxic Anethum graveolens
From: W. Asia, Europe, N. America, (Canada)
Class: monoterpenes (25-50%)
3 Key Constituents of Dillseed:(+)-Limonene, (+)-Carvone, (Z)-Dihydrocarvone-(Lawrence 1995g. p. 202)
3 Key Constituents of Dillweed: (Dill herb) (Anethum graveolens) – (+)-Carvone, a-Phellandrene, (+)-Limonene, Lawrence p. 202).
Cosmetic: cuts, wounds, bruises, wound healing.
Dill essential oil shows promise in treating various skin conditions due to its anti-inflammatory properties. It can soothe irritated skin and alleviate conditions like psoriasis and eczema. Moreover, its antimicrobial properties can help prevent wound infections, making it beneficial for treating minor cuts, burns, and acne. Additionally, dill seed oil may support skin elasticity by aiding the production of elastin, which is crucial for maintaining youthful skin (Lily Health) https://www.lilyhealth.co.uk/essential-oil/dill-oil-benefits/#google_vignette(Essential Oil Haven) https://www.essentialoilhaven.com/dill-essential-oil-uses/(Peaceful Dumpling). https://www.peacefuldumpling.com/natural-beauty-dill-seed-oil-improved-elastin
Respiratory: catarrh eases congestion. It is a mucolytic expectorant for acute bronchitis with copious sputum.
Cardio: blood thinner.
Digestive: colic, hiccups, dry heaves, vomiting, flatulence, indigestion. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 105. Like caraway, dill is an upper digestive stimulant, carminative, and liver-gall bladder decongestant.
Genito: increases urine flow, induces menstruation, suppresses sexual desire, and increases lactation. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 105. Dill seed oil is a mild draining diuretic, useful in kidney weakness with mild toxicosis.
Muscular and Joint: Due to its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving qualities, dill oil could be an effective natural remedy for sore and aching muscles, potentially supporting faster recovery and relieving discomfort.
Dill oil’s expectorant properties may benefit respiratory conditions like bronchitis and asthma by helping to clear mucus and ease breathing difficulties (Lily Health) https://www.lilyhealth.co.uk/essential-oil/dill-oil-benefits/#google_vignette
Mind: Mental Health and Relaxation: Dill essential oil might calm the nerves and brain, contributing to relaxation and mental satisfaction. It could aid in alleviating anxiety, tension, and depression and potentially improve sleep quality due to its sedative properties (Organic Facts) (Essential Oil Haven). Both links can be found above.
Mythological and Spiritual:
Dill derived its name from the old Norse ~dilla, meaning ~ lull, because of its soothing properties. It was said to be used heavily in the Middle Ages in witchcraft and magic spells, although as an herb, it was also known for providing a good night’s sleep if taken in tea just before bedtime. It can also be used to sweeten the breath.
The Dill Video- Press to Play
Research:
Genotoxicity Studies:
Essential oils extracted from dill seeds and herbs, among others, were studied for their genotoxic properties using various tests. Dill seed essential oil exhibited strong activity in chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange tests, suggesting the need for caution in its use despite its widespread application in food and cosmetics (Lazutka et al., 2001).
Antifungal Mechanisms:
The essential oil from dill seeds was shown to be an effective eco-friendly antifungal agent against Aspergillus flavus. The study detailed how the oil disrupts the fungal cell’s plasma membrane and mitochondrial functions, leading to increased reactive oxygen species that compromise fungal viability (Tian et al., 2012).
Dill seed essential oil significantly inhibited the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, demonstrating its potential as a natural fungicide in agriculture. The study highlights the synergistic effects of the oil’s main components, carvone and limonene, in enhancing its antifungal efficacy (Ma et al., 2015).
Long-term Storage and QualityThe essential oil of dill seeds stored for over 35 years was analyzed for its composition and antimicrobial activity. Despite the long storage period, the oil maintained a high quality. It showed effective antimicrobial properties, particularly against yeast and moulds, illustrating the durability and longevity of dill seed essential oil (Jirovetz et al., 2003).
Cautions for dill seed and dill weed: Avoid during pregnancy, breastfeeding and pets. Dill seed is more toxic than the weed. Opt for dillweed. It may cause skin irritation. Use no more than 1% on the skin. Avoid taking dill orally if on diabetic medication. Note that North American dill seed and dill weed are much less toxic than Indian dill seed. The Indian Dill seed, Anethum sowa, should not be used in aromatherapy.
Dilla Dill- Student Art & Poem by Tammy Courtney
Oh Dilla,
Oh, Dill,
How is it that I respect you so swell?
Is it how we avoid you during the use of diabetic medications?
Is it how we avoid you with small children and during pregnancy in women?
Oh Dilla,
Oh, Dill,
How is it that I only use a pinch, and your taste in my Salmon is so swell?
Is it how just 1% of your essential oil, with a carrier on the skin, does so well?
Oh Dilla,
Oh, Dill,
How is it that you bring such magic to my Salmon so swell?
Is it how you bring the right magic to aid my good night’s sleep?
Oh Dilla,
Oh, Dill,
How is it that you make my Salmon so swell?
Is it how I ate too many Salmon sandwiches, but you still make Me feel so well?
Oh Dilla,
Oh, Dill.
Sweet Fennel
Foeniculum vulgare
From: Spain, Croatia, Hungary, Egypt
Class: phenolic ethers, monoterpenes
3 Key Constituents: (E)-Anethole (46-89%), (+)-Limonene (30-46%), Fenchone-(Lawrence 1995g p. 199-Kubeczka 2002)
Steam-distilled seed oil has a warm, pungent, sweet, anise-like odour. Yield is exceptional; one kilo of oil is obtained from 30-50 kilograms of freshly crushed seeds. It is seldom adulterated but can be prone to synthetic additions of trans and cis-anethole, limonene, etc.
Bitter Fennel (F. vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare) is preferred in the French and other European pharmacopeias. They can be used interchangeably.
The common name and genus are derived from the Latin Foeniculum, meaning “little hay,” describing its grassy aroma when chewed.
Uses: The essential oil warms and stimulates cold, weak conditions. Due to its balance of monoterpenes and phenolic ethers, it has both stimulating and relaxing properties.
Cosmetic: astringent for watery, dull, oily, and mature skin. Corns. Sheppard-Hanger, pg. 225. Combine with spike lavender topically for hair loss.
Respiratory: whooping cough, bronchitis, asthma. Sheppard-Hanger, pg. 225. It is useful in spasmodic bronchial conditions, including cough, asthma, whooping cough, and croup. Combine with Hyssop/Fir/Cypress for mucolytic expectorant, bronchodilator, and antitussive in coughs, asthma, and bronchitis. French practitioners rate it second only to Basil (methylchavicol) for spasmodic bronchodilation with spasms.
Muscular: rheumatism, slight analgesic, potent on neuromuscular spasms, paralysis. It is a neuromuscular relaxant and anti-inflammatory, beneficial in spasms, myalgia, and neuralgia, including sciatica. Combine with basil for a smooth muscle relaxant and respiratory and digestive tract spasms. Again, its dual nature makes it useful for pain relief and spasms in neuralgia and myalgia.
Digestive: gum disease, anorexia, spasmodic colitis, constipation, hiccups, nausea, flatulence, parasites, detox from alcohol, nicotine, hangovers. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 225. Combines with Spearmint/Cardamom for liver and digestive issues and with Peppermint/Lavender for colic, IBS and irregular stool.
Sweet Fennel oil significantly improves symptoms and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. In a study by Portincasa P et al., J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2016 25(2): 151-7, it was combined well with turmeric oil.
Reduces water retention and colic.
Genito: Maybe photosensitive and estrogenic. It may be helpful in menopause if there is no estrogen-sensitive cancer. Purchon and Cantele pg. 56. It may be helpful in painful, scanty periods.
In a controlled, randomized trial of 60 post-menopausal women with sexual dysfunction, one group received fennel vaginal cream and the other placebo. Symptoms included pallor, dryness, itching and burning. After eight weeks, both groups improved in sexual function, including arousal, lubrication, orgasm and sexual satisfaction, but differences in the fennel group were more evident (p<0.05). Abedi P et al., J Med Life 2018 11(1): 24-28.
It is a uterine stimulant and restorative, estrogenic ovarian stimulant, useful in amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, PMS, and menopausal syndrome. It is parturient, helping move stalled labour and weak uterine tone. It is a galactagogue, helping increase postpartum breast milk production. Fennel oil is both an estrogen uterine stimulant for amenorrhea and an anti-spasmodic uterine relaxant for dysmenorrhea, likewise, in the gut and respiratory systems.
Urinary: bladder relaxant in spasmodic dysuria and disinfectant in cystitis and urethritis. Combine with juniper berry for scanty, irritated urination, gout, urinary stones, and arthritis.
Pathogens: Broad spectrum anti-fungal. Anthelmintic for intestinal parasites, significantly hookworm (Ankylostoma).
Mind: nerve tonic, stress. It is helpful for moodiness, emotional brooding or inhibition, discouragement, and pessimism. It may be beneficial in bipolar disorder and minor depression. It promotes self-confidence and allays apathy. “Fennel is for the individual burdened with the discomfort of unresolved stuffed feelings. The result is a key oil for encouraging emotional expression in those unable to access what they feel on a deeper level.” Holmes (2019: 203).
TCM: Fennel oil Activates Qi and Blood, resolves Dampness, harmonizes Shen, and relieves pain. It warms the reproductive system, reduces pain, and regulates digestion. It drains dampness of edema, resolves deficient urinary tract, and warms the respiratory system in cold, damp conditions.
Perfumery: High odour intensity. Top-mid note. Licorice-like scent.
Blends with amber, basil, bergamot, black pepper, cardamom, coriander, cypress, geranium, ginger, grapefruit, juniper, lavender, lemon, marjoram, peppermint, rosemary, sandalwood, spearmint, and ylang.
Mythological and Spiritual: Fennel was one of the nine sacred herbs of the British, used in purification ceremonies. Purchon and Cantele pg. 56
The Emperor, Charlemagne, was responsible for introducing fennel into central Europe. This aromatic plant is found in Greek mythology and Italian folklore. Fennel is said to have bestowed immortality in the Greek legend of Prometheus. Roman women ate fennel to reduce obesity. Fennel is used today to help make fatty foods more digestible. It is said to promote strength and courage, and also longevity. Snakes were said to eat fennel to help them slough their skins, and horses could be caught if fed fennel mixed in gingerbread. Fennel looks similar to dill and is an important culinary herb, having an aniseed flavour. It is believed to help treat eye complaints. It was also known to Pliny as a cure for many complaints and improving sight.
Fennel was used in medieval times to keep away evil spirits. On Midsummer’s Eve, it was hung over doorways with herbs like St. John’s Wort. Keyholes blocked with fennel seeds prevented the entry of ghosts. It was eaten as a condiment to the salt fish during Lent. Meanings & Legends of Flowers
Research:
Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Action:
Fennel essential oil, mainly composed of trans-anethole and estragole, demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against several food-borne pathogens, including Staphylococcus albus and Escherichia coli. The oil disrupted the bacteria’s membrane integrity, leading to leakage of cellular contents and observable damage under electron microscopy, which explains its mechanism of action (Diao et al., 2014).
Antifungal Effect and Essential Oil Composition:
The antifungal effects of fennel fruit oils, containing high levels of estragole, fenchone, and alpha-phellandrene, were evaluated against pathogens like Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum. The essential oils exhibited dose-dependent fungistatic activity, suggesting their potential use in controlling fungal growth (Ozcan et al., 2006).
Cautions: Cross-sensitization with anise and coriander. Fennel is a possible skin sensitizer. Avoid it in pregnancy, breastfeeding, endometriosis and with children under the age of 5. Avoid fennel with epilepsy, alcoholism and liver disease. Please do not take it internally, as fennel may interfere with medications, such as diabetes, hemophilia and peptic ulcer. Tisserand and Young pg. 277. Possible carcinogen in large doses. It may inhibit blood clotting—a dermal maximum of 2.5%. Do not use fennel seed with babies or children. It may encourage premature breast development. This applies to fennel tea, as well. Tisserand and Young
Galbanum
Ferula galbaniflua
From: Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, Lebanon, Northwest India.
Steam-distilled or water-distilled from gum resin in herbs’ stalks, it has an intense, green, balsamic, fresh-pungent scent. The oil is a warming stimulant for cold, weak, atonic, damp, and congestive conditions.
Class: monoterpenes (<85%)
Three key Constituents are B-pinene,- 3-carene (10-20%), and A-pinene (45-50%) (Lawrence 1993, pp. 82-83; Ghannadi & Agree 2002). It is prone to adulteration with other high monoterpene oils, such as pine or rosemary.
Uses: In Hebraic culture, it was an important ingredient in holy incense; in Egypt, it was a crucial compound in green incense.
Cosmetic: heals scar tissue, wounds, and inflammations; tones mature skin; softens wrinkles; calms and heals ulcers, abscesses, acne, boils, and lesions, especially from long-standing cancers and chronic inflammation. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 223
Respiratory: mucous, coughs, congestion, tonic. It is a strong stimulating mucolytic expectorant.
Muscular: arthritis, muscle aches.
Lymph: poor circulation and swollen lymph nodes.
Digestive: diarrhea, indigestion, flatulence- rub into the tummy, stomach infections and (flu). Sheppard-Hanger pg. 223
Genito: aphrodisiac, induces menstruation, water retention, menopausal problems, strengthens female organs, vaginitis, and related cold, damp, congestive conditions. Sheppard-Hanger pg. 223
Mind: calming, balancing, nervous tension and paranoia.
Endocrine: The oil balances and calms the neuroendocrine system and has long been used in French aromatherapy to calm anxiety, reduce pituitary hyperactivity, and treat menopausal hot flashes. In early books, it was said to help “female hysteria.”
Perfumery: Very high odour intensity. Top note. The resin is a base note—green pepper, agrestic, balsamic scent.
Blends with bergamot, cedar, cinnamon, citronella, cypress, elemi, fir needle, frankincense, geranium, ginger, lavender, oakmoss, palmarosa, and pine.
Mythological and Spiritual: Traditionally, it was burned as incense at the spring equinox. It is used for protection and purification. Starchild.co.uk says it is used to banish negative energies in exorcism rituals, shamanic journeys, and ancient Egypt as part of the embalming procedure.
Research:
Key Aroma Components:
Analysis of galbanum oil revealed novel key aroma compounds, highlighting its complex and potent odour. The study found that the oil contained significant amounts of pyrazines, which contribute to its distinctive aroma, useful in various fragrance applications (Miyazawa et al., 2009).
Protective Effects in Placenta:
Galbanum essential oil was studied for its protective effects against cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in rat placentas. The results showed that galbanum oil mitigated the toxic effects, improving histomorphometric measures and suggesting its potential as a protective agent in medical applications (Rezaei et al., 2016).
Antinociceptive and Antimicrobial Activities:
Galbanum plant (Ferula gummosa) was evaluated for its antinociceptive and antimicrobial activities. The study demonstrated that various extracts from the plant had effects comparable to morphine in pain relief and showed significant antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and fungi (Bazaz et al., 1997).
Cautions: Avoid during pregnancy. It is mild, without cumulative toxicity, and non-irritating or sensitizing to the skin. Avoid exposure to sunlight for 12 hours after application—the dermal limit is up to 20%. Tisserand and Young.
Possible skin irritant if oxidized. Store in a dark, airtight container in the refrigerator.
Parsley Herb– Petroselinum sativum-
The most important parsley compounds are myristicin, apiol, 1-allyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene, b-phellandrene, 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, b-pinene, terpinolene, apiin, oxypeucedanin and falcarinol.
Steam-distilled oil from the leaves is stimulating, antimicrobial, antiseptic, and anti-arthritic, and it gives a green note in men’s scent blends.
Research:
Parsley essential oil exhibits strong antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities against a range of pathogens. It is especially potent against fungi and bacteria, which makes it useful in food preservation and as a natural remedy for infections (Ouis, Hariri, & El, 2014).
Effect on Immune Cells:
The essential oil from parsley has been shown to exert suppressive effects on immune cell activation. It can modulate the response of splenocytes and macrophages, suggesting potential benefits in treating autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders (Yousofi, Daneshmandi, Soleimani, & Bagheri, 2012).
Effects on Thyroid and Testicular Function:
Parsley essential oil has demonstrated protective effects against carbon tetrachloride-induced damage in mice, particularly in maintaining thyroid gland function and testicular health, suggesting its use as a protective agent against chemical-induced damage (Badr, Algefare, & Alfwuaires, 2021).
Cautions:
Please do not take it internally, while pregnant or breastfeeding, or with children or pets. It may be an abortifacient and can be irritating to the skin. Maximum dermal use is 14.6%—Tiseserand and Young, pg. 380.
The Umbelliferae Family Video
You can go to your downloads for a few Umbelliferae family notes.